
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Patents} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Breakthrough patents}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity          & 0.268$^{***}$ & 0.207$^{**}$  & 0.071         & 0.082$^{***}$ & 0.085$^{***}$ & 0.041\\   
                              & (0.079)       & (0.097)       & (0.104)       & (0.021)       & (0.028)       & (0.026)\\   
   Population                 & 0.036         & 0.047         & 1.061         & -0.361        & -0.019        & 0.253\\   
                              & (0.827)       & (1.415)       & (2.204)       & (0.227)       & (0.324)       & (0.423)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.098         & 0.176$^{*}$   & 0.204$^{**}$   & 0.053$^{**}$  & 0.058$^{**}$  & 0.033\\   
                               & (0.074)       & (0.093)       & (0.095)        & (0.020)       & (0.022)       & (0.022)\\   
   Predicted population        & 0.049         & -1.018        & -3.724$^{***}$ & -0.219        & -0.208        & -0.202\\   
                               & (0.814)       & (1.613)       & (1.013)        & (0.232)       & (0.372)       & (0.316)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.199         & 0.301$^{*}$   & 0.352$^{*}$   & 0.101$^{***}$ & 0.103$^{***}$ & 0.060\\   
                                         & (0.130)       & (0.159)       & (0.192)       & (0.033)       & (0.036)       & (0.041)\\   
   Population                            & 0.399         & -1.256        & -6.946        & -0.226        & -0.245        & -0.333\\   
                                         & (1.012)       & (2.153)       & (4.526)       & (0.392)       & (0.463)       & (0.674)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 142; 84       & 202; 43       & 136; 17       & 142; 84       & 202; 43       & 136; 17\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.507$^{***}$     & 0.543$^{***}$     & 0.541$^{***}$     & -0.008        & -0.011$^{*}$  & -0.002        \\
                               & (0.046)           & (0.029)           & (0.036)           & (0.005)       & (0.006)       & (0.007)       \\
   Predicted population        & -0.898            & -0.216            & -0.541            & 0.570$^{***}$ & 0.759$^{***}$ & 0.509         \\
                               & (0.666)           & (0.752)           & (0.641)           & (0.208)       & (0.203)       & (0.313)       \\
    \\
   Inventor fixed effects     & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period-State fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 55,450        & 35,192        & 19,910        & 55,450        & 35,192        & 19,910\\  
Dropping top \% of counties & 5\% & 10\% & 20\% & 5\% & 10\% & 20\% \\
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


